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Answer

Lean formalisation

According to the reporting, each argument from Astra and Fable was prepared into manuscripts by humans before formalisation. That detail matters more than it might appear. Translating an informal mathematical argument, however it was generated, into the precise syntax Lean requires is itself a substantial task involving human judgement about what the argument is actually claiming. A model producing a promising sketch is not the same as a model producing a Lean-verified proof, and the gap between those two things is where human mathematicians did the work in this instance.

• Mathematical reasoning is treated as a proxy for general reasoning capability, so claims here move investor and public perception disproportionately.
• Neither Astra nor Fable has been released publicly, meaning outside mathematicians cannot yet reproduce or challenge the claimed solutions independently.
• Price cuts on existing models announced alongside the claims suggest a commercial motive layered on top of the research one.
• The specific problems solved have not been detailed publicly in a form the broader mathematics community can evaluate at the time of writing.